CDAC Computer Fundamentals Basics | A4U Official

CDAC Computer Fundamentals Basics


What is Computer?

  • It is a machine/hardware/digital devices contains: Processor, Memory Devices & IO devices, does different tasks for users efficiently and accurately.
  • Basic functions of Computer:
                                  - data storage
                                  - data processing  
                                  - data movement
                                  - control
  • software - it is a collection of programs
  • program - it is a set of instructions given to the machine does specific task.
there are three types of programs:
1. user programs - e.g. user defined programs
2. system programs - e.g. system defined programs, e.g. device driver
3. application programs - e.g. notepad.exe, chrome, mozilla firefox, eclipse, etc.
  • Eclipse is an IDE: Integrated Developement Environment
  • It is an application software which is a collection of an application programs like an editor, pre-processor, compiler, assembler, debugger etc...., for faster software development. 
          e.g. netbeans, codeblock, microsoft visual studio, turbo c -- borland etc.
  • editor -- it is an application program can be used for writing source code
          e.g. notepad.exe, gedit, vi editor etc.
  • source code - it is a program written in any programming language.
  • preprocessor - it is an application program which executes before compilation and performs two tasks:
1. removes all comments from the source code, and
2. executes all preprocessor directives, like #include
e.g. "cpp" - c preprocessor
  • compiler - it is an application program which converts high level programming language code into machine level programming language code.
e.g. GCC (GNU Compiler's Collection), turbo c, microsoft visual c++, etc.
GNU - "GNU Not for UNIX"
* recursive acronyms.
  • assembler - it is an application program which converts assembly language code into the machine language code, i.e. object code
e.g. linux -> "asm", tasm -> turbo assmber, "masm" -> microsoft assembler etc.
  • linker - it is an application program which links objects file/s with precompiled object modules of library functions and creates single executable file.
         e.g. linux --> "ld".

[ editor ] program.c --> [ preprocessor ] --> program.i --> [ compiler ] -->
program.s/.asm --> [ assembler] --> program.o/.obj --> [ linker ] --> program.out/.exe
  • "portability" -> c program written on one machine/platform can be compiled and executed on any other machine/platform with either small or no changes.
  • file format of an executable file in linux -- "ELF"
  • file format of an executable file in windows -- "PE"
  • "loader" -- it is a program/part of an OS which first verifies file format and then checks magic number, if both matches then only it loads executable file into the main memory.
  • an executable file is divided into sections:
1. exe header/primary header: it contains info required to starts execution of an executable                       file, like:
i. addr of an entry point function
ii. magic number -- it is constant number generated by the compiler which is file format                           specific
iii. info about other sections, i.e. metadata, etc.

2. bss (block started by symbol) section: it contains uninitialized global and static vars.

3. data section: it contains initialized global and static vars.
4. rodata(read only data) section: constants and constant string literals
e.g. const int num = 33;
char *cptr = "SunBeam";

5. code/text section: an executable instructions
6. symbol table: info about functions and their variables in a tabular format.

  1. User
  2. Programs 
  3. OS
  4. Hardware
  • Computer is a digital device has two fundamental components which are basic structural and functional units:
1. memory cell:
2. gates:
  • computer is a digital device which is a collection of millions of memory cells and gates.
- bit -- "binary digit"
- 8 bits = 1 byte
- smallest addressable unit = 1 byte
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